Tool system for dynamic spinal implants

ABSTRACT

A tool set for implanting bone screws in a human spine, followed by the implantation of a longitudinal connecting member into the bone screws includes a pair of independently mountable and manipulatable elongate guide tools that form a unitary tool guide when desired. Each guide tool includes attachment structure for independent operable connection of the guide tool to an arm of the bone screw. The bone screw/guide tool attachment includes an undercut and/or recess so as to resist separation of the guide tool member from an attached bone screw. Further tools include a removable stabilizer, a cooperating bone screw driver with an attached stabilizer, a closure starter/reduction tool, a closure driver and a counter torque tool.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/373,735 filed Nov. 28, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/999,689 filed Dec. 6, 2007 that claimed thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/873,819 filed Dec. 8,2006 and which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/328,481 filed Jan. 9, 2006 that is a continuation in part ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/272,508 filed Nov. 10, 2005 and acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/789,149,filed Feb. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,300, all of which areincorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/328,481 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/996,289 filed Nov. 23, 2004, also incorporated by referenceherein. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/328,481 claimed benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 60/725,445 filed Oct. 11, 2005 andincorporated its disclosure therein by reference, and this applicationalso claims benefit of the 60/725,445 application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to apparatuses and methods for use inperforming spinal surgery using minimally or less invasive techniquesand, in particular, to tools and methods of using such tools, especiallyfor implanting and manipulating spinal screws and for implantingflexible or otherwise dynamic longitudinal connecting members for spinalsupport and alignment to create, as much as possible, a more normal ornatural loading pattern between the vertebrae in flexion, extension,distraction, compression, side bending and torsion.

For many years, spinal osteosynthesis apparatuses have been utilized tocorrect spinal deformities, injuries or disease. In such procedures,substantially rigid longitudinal connecting members, for example,elongate solid rods, are surgically attached to vertebrae of the spineto provide support and/or to realign or reposition certain vertebrae.The longitudinal connecting members are typically secured to vertebraeutilizing bone screws and other spinal implants. In order to reduce theimpact of such surgery on the patient, a desirable approach is to insertsuch implants percutaneously or with surgical techniques that are lessinvasive to the body of the patient. In order to provide for protectedmotion with more normal or natural spinal flexibility, more flexible ordynamic longitudinal connecting members may be chosen over solid rigidrods.

Problems arise when implant deployment and insertion tools designed fortraditional open surgery that is more invasive are utilized inpercutaneous or less invasive surgery or with dynamic stabilizationlongitudinal connecting members. The tools may be bulky, oversized orhave irregular surfaces or protrusions that can catch and traumatizetissues. A projecting actuator arm or fastening member may be usefulwith respect to the spinal screw implantation process or the rodreduction process, but there may be insufficient clearance to use suchstructure and/or such structure may produce additional unwanted traumawhich the percutaneous surgery is attempting to avoid.

A percutaneous or less invasive procedure also presents a problem withimplantation of elongate connecting members that have historicallyrequired a long incision and open wound in order to provide for thelength of the connecting member and the space required for the surgeon'shands as well as the tools needed to manipulate the rod. Such problemsare then compounded by the implants and insertion tools used with theconnecting member.

Consequently, it is desirable to develop apparatuses and techniques thatallow for the insertion of bone screws or other bone attachmentstructures, the insertion and reduction of longitudinal connectingmembers into the bone screws and the securing of the connecting memberto the bone screws with significantly less invasion into the body of thepatient.

Historically, it also has been common to fuse adjacent vertebrae thatare placed in fixed relation by the installation therealong of bonescrews or other bone anchors and cooperating longitudinal connectingmembers or other elongate members. Fusion results in the permanentimmobilization of one or more of the intervertebral joints. Because theanchoring of bone screws, hooks and other types of anchors directly to avertebra can result in significant forces being placed on the vertebra,and such forces may ultimately result in the loosening of the bone screwor other anchor from the vertebra, fusion allows for the growth anddevelopment of a bone counterpart to the longitudinal connecting memberthat can maintain the spine in the desired position even if the implantsultimately fail or are removed. Because fusion has been a desiredcomponent of spinal stabilization procedures, longitudinal connectingmembers have been designed that are of a material, size and shape tolargely resist bending (flexion, extension and sideways), twisting(torsion), compression and distraction, and thus substantiallyimmobilize the portion of the spine that is to be fused. Thus,longitudinal connecting members are typically uniform along an entirelength thereof, and usually made from a single or integral piece ofmaterial having a uniform diameter or width of a size to providesubstantially rigid support.

Fusion, however, has some undesirable side effects. One apparent sideeffect is the immobilization of a portion of the spine. Furthermore,although fusion may result in a strengthened portion of the spine, italso has been linked to more rapid degeneration and even hyper-mobilityand collapse of spinal motion segments that are adjacent to the portionof the spine being fused, reducing or eliminating the ability of suchspinal joints to move in a more normal relation to one another. Incertain instances, fusion has also failed to provide pain relief.

An alternative to fusion and the use of more rigid longitudinalconnecting members or other rigid structure has been a “soft” or“dynamic” stabilization approach in which more elastic materials and/orshapes are utilized for a longitudinal connecting member fixed between apair of bone anchors, such as pedicle screws, in an attempt to create,as much as possible, a more normal loading pattern between the vertebraein flexion, extension, compression, distraction, side bending andtorsion. Tools utilized with traditional rods or other more rigidstructure may not be appropriate for manipulating more flexible andvariously sized connecting members and cooperating bone attachmentstructures. The dynamic conditions associated with spinal movementtherefore provide a challenge not only for the design of more flexibleor elastic longitudinal connecting members, but also for the design ofcooperating tooling.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A tool assembly and a set of tools according to the invention isprovided for percutaneous or less invasive methods of implanting bonescrews and an associated spinal connecting member in a patient. The toolassembly includes an elongate guide tool having structure at a lower endthereof that is operably mateable with opposed sides of a boneattachment receiver. The elongate guide tool includes first and seconddiscreet, independently attachable and movable parts or members. Theindependent members allow for movement toward and away from one another,aiding insertion and manipulation of manipulation tools and other boneattachment structure.

Also according to the invention, a stabilizer is provided for placingthe first and second members into a set spaced relation with one anotherwhen desired, for example, during driving of a bone screw shank into avertebra and/or reducing a longitudinal connecting member and closurestructure down between the first and second members and into the boneattachment structure. Both an independent stabilizer and a stabilizerattached to a bone screw driver may be included in a tool set accordingto the invention. Further tools include a cooperating bone screw driverwith an attached stabilizer, a closure starter/reduction tool, a closuredriver and a counter torque tool.

Objects and Advantages of the Invention

Therefore, the objects of the present invention include: to provide acompact tool assembly for supporting and installing bone attachmentstructures, such as bone screws, hooks and dynamic stabilizationconnecting members and other spinal implants with minimal or lesssurgical invasion to the patient; to provide such an assembly in whichelongate holding members may be independently manipulated and form anopen, expandable channel when desired and may also be placed into setspacial relation when desired; to provide a set of tools for implantinga dynamic spinal fixation connecting member for support or alignmentalong a human spine with minimal or less surgical invasion of thepatient; to provide such a set of tools including an insertion tool,driving, reduction and manipulation tools for use in implanting a boneattachment implant, directing a longitudinal connecting memberdownwardly into such an implant and capturing the longitudinalconnecting member within a receiver of the bone attachment implant; toprovide such a set of tools including a closure reduction andinstallation tool for securing the dynamic fixation connecting member tothe bone attachment implant; to provide such a set of tools wherein theinsertion, driving and manipulation tools are easily attached to anddisengaged from the bone attachment implants; to provide such a set oftools wherein the insertion tools, supports or stabilizers, deploymenttools, reduction tools, bone implant installation tools and closureinstallation tools are all easily aligned, positioned, and engaged, ifnecessary, with respect to the bone implants and are disengaged from thebone implants and other tools in the installation assembly by manualmanipulation of the surgeon; to provide a method of implanting a dynamicstabilization connecting member into bone implants within a patient withminimal or less surgical invasion of the patient; to provide such amethod utilizing the previously described tools for implantation of sucha connecting member; and to provide such a set of tools and methods thatare easy to use and especially adapted for the intended use thereof andwherein the tools are comparatively inexpensive to produce.

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent fromthe following description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example,certain embodiments of this invention.

The drawings constitute a part of this specification and includeexemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate variousobjects and features thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of a tool assemblyaccording to the present invention showing a first elongate member of anopen guide tool, a pair of lock pins and a cooperating polyaxial bonescrew.

FIG. 2 is a reduced side elevational view of the portion of the toolassembly and the polyaxial bone screw of FIG. 1, shown assembled.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the assemblyof FIG. 2 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 4 is a reduced front elevational view of the tool assembly and thepolyaxial bone screw of FIG. 1, shown assembled.

FIG. 5 is a reduced rear elevational view of the tool assembly and thepolyaxial bone screw of FIG. 1, shown assembled.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged and partial perspective view of the first elongatemember of FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged top plan view of the polyaxial bone screw of FIG.1.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the assemblyshown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged and partial perspective view of the assembly shownin FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is an enlarged top plan view of the assembly and polyaxial bonescrew shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the tool assembly of FIG. 1 and furthershowing a second elongate member of the open guide tool and a secondpair of lock pins cooperating with the polyaxial bone screw.

FIG. 12 is a reduced side elevational view of the assembly of FIG. 11shown with a cooperating polyaxial bone screw driver and attachedelongate member stabilizer.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged and partial perspective view of the driver andstabilizer of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is an enlarged and partial opposing side elevational view of thedriver and stabilizer of FIG. 12.

FIG. 15 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the driverand stabilizer of FIG. 12.

FIG. 16 is an enlarged and partial rear elevational view of the driverand stabilizer of FIG. 12.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 17-17 of FIG. 14.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 18-18 of FIG. 14.

FIG. 19 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the driver and stabilizer ofFIG. 12.

FIG. 20 is a partial perspective view of the assembly and driver of FIG.12 showing the driver inserted into the assembly.

FIG. 21 is an enlarged and partial perspective view similar to FIG. 20,showing the driver stabilizer engaged with both elongate members of theopen guide tool.

FIG. 22 is a reduced and partial front elevational view of thecooperating driver and guide tool of FIG. 21, shown driving thepolyaxial bone screw into a vertebra.

FIG. 23 is a reduced perspective view of the open guide tool andattached bone screw of FIG. 11, the bone screw now implanted in avertebra as shown in FIG. 22 and further shown with a longitudinalconnecting member having an elongate member and a sleeve.

FIG. 24 is a front elevational view of the longitudinal connectingmember of FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 is a partial perspective view, similar to FIG. 23, furthershowing a closure top starter/reduction tool according to the inventionholding a closure top.

FIG. 26 is an enlarged and partial perspective view, similar to FIG. 25further showing a guide stabilizer according to the invention.

FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 27-27 of FIG. 24.

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 28-28 of FIG. 24.

FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 29-29 of FIG. 26.

FIG. 30 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the assemblyof FIG. 26 shown using the closure top starter/reduction tool to reducethe longitudinal connecting member and the closure top toward thepolyaxial bone screw.

FIG. 31 is an enlarged perspective view of the guide stabilizer of FIG.26.

FIG. 32 is a second enlarged perspective view of the guide stabilizer ofFIG. 26.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 30 shown in alongitudinal connecting member reduction step subsequent to that shownin FIG. 30.

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of the assembly of FIGS. 30 and 33 shownin a subsequent closure top engagement step.

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of the closure top of FIGS. 25, 26, 30, 33and 34.

FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 36-36 of FIG. 35.

FIG. 37 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the closurestarter/reduction tool of FIGS. 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, and 34.

FIG. 38 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the closure starter/reductiontool of FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of a counter-torque tool of the inventionwith a portion broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 40 is a bottom plan view of the counter-torque tool of FIG. 39.

FIG. 41 is a reduced side elevational view of a closure top driver.

FIG. 42 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the closure top driver ofFIG. 41.

FIG. 43 is a reduced perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 34 withthe closure top starter removed and further shown received in thecounter-torque tool of FIG. 39.

FIG. 44 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the assemblyand counter-torque tool combination of FIG. 43.

FIG. 45 is a reduced perspective view similar to FIG. 44, showing thecounter-torque tool engaging and aligning the sleeve of the longitudinalconnecting member.

FIG. 46 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the assemblyand counter-torque alignment of FIG. 45.

FIG. 47 is a reduced perspective view similar to FIG. 45 and furthershowing the closure top driver of FIG. 41 inserted into thecounter-torque tool for tightening of the closure top.

FIG. 48 is an enlarged perspective view similar to FIG. 47, showing theclosure top driver and counter-torque tool removed subsequent totightening of the closure top.

FIG. 49 is a partial and generally schematic view of a patient's spine,showing an implanted polyaxial bone screw and connecting member, similarto that shown in FIG. 48 and further connected to a second polyaxialbone screw.

FIG. 50 is a reduced perspective view similar to FIG. 48 further showingthe closure top driver of FIG. 41 being used to remove the closure top.

FIG. 51 is an enlarged perspective view similar to FIG. 50 showing thelongitudinal connecting member and sleeve removed and replaced by areplacement connecting member.

FIG. 52 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 51 further showing asecond counter-torque tool and the closure top driver of FIG. 41.

FIG. 53 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 52, showing thecounter-torque tool and driver removed and further showing a closure topengaging the replacement connecting member.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosedherein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodimentsare merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in variousforms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosedherein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis forthe claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in theart to variously employ the present invention in virtually anyappropriately detailed structure.

It is also noted that any reference to the words top, bottom, up anddown, and the like, in this application refers to the alignment shown inthe various drawings, as well as the normal connotations applied to suchtools and cooperating devices, and is not intended to restrictpositioning of the tools in actual use. It is also noted that referenceto words such as front, back, anterior and posterior used in thisapplication also refer to the alignment shown in the various drawings,and in particular, when possible, with reference to the human spine andhuman body, but also is not intended to restrict positioning of thetools in actual use.

With particular reference to FIGS. 1-11, the reference numeral 1generally designates a guide tool assembly according to the presentinvention that may be used alone or in combination with a variety ofcooperating tools described herein that may make up a tool set 2 (see,e.g., FIGS. 12, 22, 25, 33 and 43) according to the invention for use ininstalling at least one and up to a plurality of bone screws 4 into apatient's spine 6, followed by the installation of a longitudinalmember, such as the member generally 8 and up to a plurality of closuremembers or tops 9, into the bone screws 4 in a process according to thepresent invention.

The guide tool assembly 1 is open, having a first elongate member 10 anda separate or discrete second elongate member 12, each of the members 10and 12 being engageable with the bone screw 4 as will be described morefully below. The open arrangement of the guide tool assembly 1 allowsfor independent manipulation of the elongate members 10 and 12 andinsertion of a variety of tools, implants and longitudinal connectingmembers, some with sleeves or spacers having various widths ordiameters. When more stability is desired, for example, duringinstallation of the bone screw 4 into a vertebra 16 of the patient'sspine 6, a driver 18 or other manipulating tool being used in connectionwith the guide tool assembly 1 may include a stabilizer 20 (describedmore fully below) for keeping the elongate members 10 and 12 in fixedspaced relation to one another. Furthermore, according to the invention,the assembly 1 may include a discrete or independent stabilizer 22 foruse with a variety of tools, including, but not limited to the followingillustrated tools: a closure starter/connecting member reducer 24, aclosure driver 26 and a counter torque tool 28, all of which will bedescribed more fully below.

The guide tool assembly 1 elongate members 10 and 12 are substantiallysimilar to one another, sized and shaped for attachment to respectivefirst and second arms 30 and 32 of the bone screw 4, the first armhaving a top surface 31 and the second arm having a top surface 33. Theelongate members 10 and 12 are generally sized and shaped to besufficiently long to extend from an implanted bone screw 4 through anexterior of a patient's skin so as to provide an outwardly extending andupper handling portion that allows and provides for gripping by asurgeon during procedures utilizing the guide tool assembly 1, with orwithout the other cooperating tools. Specifically, the elongate member10 is a singular discrete structure generally including an inner wall orsurface 40 and an opposed outer wall or surface 42. The member 10further includes opposed substantially parallel sides 44 and 46. Themember 10 has a substantially constant width as measured between thesides 44 and 46, such width being substantially the same as a width of acooperating bone screw arm 30. The sides 44 and 46 may be beveled alongan entire length thereof as illustrated in the drawing figures. The backwall 42 is substantially planar along an entire length thereof. Thefront wall 40 has a concave curvature that substantially matches orcorresponds to the inner curvature of the bone screw arm 30 that is inturn sized and shaped for mating cooperation with the substantiallycylindrical closure member or top 9. The front wall 40 also is sized andshaped to receive and allow passage of both tools and implants as willbe described more fully below. Running along a length of the member 10and near respective sides 44 and 46 are a pair of substantiallycylindrical through channels 47 and 48, each sized and shaped to receiveone of a pair of cooperating lock pins 49.

The elongate members 10 and 12, stabilizer 22, lock pins 49 and othercooperating tooling may be made from a variety of suitable materials,including but not limited to metals, metal alloys, plastics, polymers,composites and blends thereof. For example, the tool components may bemade from stainless steel, titanium, polymer blends that may be carbonreinforced, such a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and or other radiolucentor non-radiolucent materials. In certain embodiments the members 10 and12 may be rigid and in other embodiments, more flexible, allowing forbending of the members 10 and 12 and associated pins 49 withoutcompromising strength of the components or attachment to a cooperatingbone anchor.

The member 10 may further be described as having an upper, handlingportion 50, an intermediate portion 52 and a lower implant engagingportion 54. The upper handling portion 50 includes a top surface 56 anda cut-out or recessed portion 58 substantially formed in the front wallor surface 40 and sized and shaped to provide access for tools and/orbone attachment components, the recessed portion 58 cooperating with asimilar or identical recessed portion 58 a on the member 12 asillustrated, for example, in FIGS. 11, 25 and 26. The channels 47 and 48open to the top surface 56. Also, near the top surface, wall portions 60forming the channels 47 and 48 are threaded for mating cooperation witha threaded portion of the lock pin 49 as will be described in greaterdetail below.

The lower implant engaging portion 54 includes a bottom surface 64 and acut-out or recess 66 near such bottom surface that is formed in the wall40 and also extends through a portion of the sides 44 and 46. Withparticular reference to FIGS. 6, 8 and 9, the cut-out 66 is defined byan upper surface 70 disposed substantially perpendicular to the outersurface 42, an inner planar surface 72 disposed substantially parallelto the outer surface 42 and a substantially planar lip surface 74disposed at an acute angle with respect to the surface 72. Withparticular reference to FIG. 8, in the illustrated embodiment, the lipsurface 74 is substantially parallel with the bottom surface 64, forminga narrow strip that projects away from the inner wall 40 and is sizedand shaped to engage and fit within a groove 76 of the arm 30 of thebone screw 4.

With particular reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, the inner surface 72 furtherincludes a raised strip or projection 78 that runs perpendicular to thelip surface 74 and is sized, shaped and positioned to slidingly engagewith a slit 80 in a ledge 82 that partially defines the groove 76disposed on the arm 30 of the bone screw 4. The raised strip 78 and theslit 80 are designed to ensure proper mating of the insertion tool 10and the bone screw arm 30 and differentiate between the elongate member10 and the elongate member 12 such that the member 10 only fits on thebone screw arm 30 and the member 12 only fits on the bone screw arm 32.The member 12 also includes a raised strip (not shown), similar to thestrip 78, that is sized, shaped and positioned to slidingly engage witha slit 86 of the arm 32. The slits 80 and 86 may be disposed indirectlyopposite of one another and the cooperating strips positioned on thetool 1 such that the member 10 only mates with the arm 30 and the member12 only mates with the arm 32. The cooperation between the strip 78 andthe slit 80 and the similar strip on the member 12 and the slit 86ensures proper overall alignment and mating of the tool 1 and the bonescrew 4 when both members 10 and 12 are in engagement with the bonescrew 4, and further prohibits front to back movement of the bone screw4 with respect to the insertion tool 1 when the members 10 and 12 aremounted on the screw 4 and the lock pins 49 are in contact with the bonescrew 4. With reference to FIG. 5, the back wall 42 of the member 10 mayinclude a laser etched alignment stripe 90 that aids a surgeon inproperly aligning and mating the member 10 with the arm 30 by simplyaligning the stripe 90 with a stripe 92 that is located on only the arm30. It is noted that bone screws 4 and members 10 and 12 according tothe invention may be configured to include uniform and oppositecooperating strips and slits so that the members 10 and 12 may beengaged with either the arm 30 or the arm 32 of the bone screw 4.

Each lock pin 49 is elongate, having a top surface 94 a curved bottomsurface 95, a hex-shaped upper driving portion 96 disposed near the topsurface 94 and a threaded portion 97 disposed near the driving portion96 and on a smooth cylindrical body portion 98 of the lock pin 49. Thesmooth body portion 98 extends from the driving portion 96 to the bottomsurface 95. As illustrated in FIG. 1, near the bottom surface 95, thebody portion 98 may be of slightly reduced diameter as shown by theportion 99 to result in the bottom surface 95 being of a size and shapeto fully contact the bone screw 4 without overhanging the arm 30 or 32.The lock pin 49 is sized and shaped to be received in either of thecylindrical channels 47 and 48 in either of the members 10 and 12, withthe threaded portion 97 rotatably receivable in the threaded inner wall60. The lock pin 49 is sized and shaped to extend along and completelythrough the channels 47, 48 until the curved bottom 95 abuts the topsurface 31 or 33 of the bone screw 4 with the upper driving portion 96extending above the top 56 of the member 10 as illustrated, for example,in FIG. 3.

The lock pins 49 are rotated and driven downwardly into the member 10 bya socket driver (not shown). A suitable driver includes a substantiallycylindrical elongate body and an elongate hex-shaped aperture or drivingsocket sized and shaped to receive and mate with the hex-shaped upperdriving portion 96 of each of the lock pins 49.

As illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12, the member 12 is substantiallysimilar to the member 10 in size and shape, having an inner wall 40 a,and outer wall 42 a, sides 44 a and 46 a, channels 47 a and 48 a, upperintermediate and lower portions 50 a, 52 a and 54 a, respectively, a topsurface 56 a, a recessed portion 58 a, a bottom surface 64 a and arecess 66 a, identical or substantially similar to respective elements40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 64 and 66, described hereinwith respect to the member 10. The member 12 channels 47 a and 48 acooperate with the lock pins 49 in a manner identical to that describedherein with respect to the member 10 with each channel including athreaded portion (not shown) identical or substantially similar to thethreaded channel portion 60. The recess 66 a is identical to the recess66 with the exception of the inner strip that is similar to the strip 78but disposed at a different location to cooperate with the slit 86 ofthe bone screw arm 32 as already described herein.

With reference to FIGS. 11 and 12, when the members 10 and 12 are matedwith respective arms 30 and 32 of the bone screw 4, the members 10 and12 may be independently manipulated toward and away from one another, aswill be described in greater detail below. Also a through channel 101 isformed between the members 10 and 12 extending along the entire lengthof the tool 1 from the bone screw 4 to the lock pin top surfaces 94. Thechannel 101 is sized and shaped to receive and allow passage of bothtools and implants. As will be discussed more fully below, an openingformed between the recessed portions 58 and 58 a provide clearance toreadily receive a driving end of the bone screw driver 18 as well as theclosure top 9 and the longitudinal connecting member 8.

With reference to FIGS. 12-22, the bone screw driver 18 includes anupper elongate handle 130; an elongate shaft 132; and a driving endportion 134 integral with or fixedly attached to the shaft 132; allextending along an axis of rotation A. The handle 130 is somewhattriangular when viewed on end as shown in FIG. 19. The handle 130 mayinclude shallow apertures to aid a surgeon in gripping and rotating thehandle 130. The handle 130 is fixed to and coaxial with the shaft 132. Ascrew driver lock limit 136 and the stabilizer 20 are disposed on theshaft 132. The driving end portion 134 extends from the shaft 132 and isof reduced diameter. Integral or attached to the end portion 134 is ahex-shaped driving socket 140 sized and shaped to mate with a hex drive144 formed in a shaft of the bone screw 4. Although a socket type driveris shown, a driver according to the invention may have any of a varietyof driving features designed to mate with a driving head, socket, orother external or internal driving feature of a cooperating bone screw.The driving tool 18 may include a longitudinal through bore formed alongan entire length thereof to cooperate with cannulated bone screws,allowing for insertion of the driver 18 and cooperating engaged bonescrew over guide wires or pins.

With particular reference to FIGS. 13-18, the stabilizer 20 is locatedon the shaft 132 between the handle 130 and the lock limit 136. Thestabilizer 20 includes a substantially central through bore 150 throughwhich the driver shaft 132 extends, the stabilizer 20 being slidinglyreceived on the shaft 132 along the axis A between the handle 130 andthe lock limit 136. The stabilizer 20 further includes four smaller,uniformly shaped through bores 152 positioned evenly about the bore 150and running substantially parallel to the bore 150 (and the shaft 132).The bores 152 are substantially circular in cross-section, being sized,shaped and positioned to slidingly receive four lock pins 49 and holdsuch pins in spaced alignment when the lock pins 49 are attached to theelongate members 10 and 12 and contact the bone screw 4 and thestabilizer 20 is seated on the members 10 and 12. The stabilizer 20further includes an upper portion 154 and an attached lower portion 156,the upper and lower portions shaped to engage one another in a dovetailarrangement as shown in FIGS. 16 and 18. As illustrated in FIG. 18, theupper and lower portions are attached by means of an assembly pin 158that extends through the upper and lower portions 154 and 156 near oneside 159 and a laterally loaded spring retainer 160 at an opposite side161. At the side 161, the upper portion 154 extends beyond the lowerportion 156 in a lateral direction perpendicular to the axis A,providing a ledge for ease in moving the stabilizer 20 up and down theshaft 132 along the axis A. It is foreseen that the stabilizer 20 may beconstructed in other ways, for example, of singular molded construction.The stabilizer 20 further includes substantially planar parallel top andbottom surfaces 162 and 164, respectively. The bottom surface 164contacts and seats upon the upper surfaces 56 and 56 a of respectivemembers 10 and 12 and in slidable engagement therewith when thestabilizer 20 is slid downwardly along the shaft 132 and received overthe lock pins 49, placing the members 10 and 12 into a parallelarrangement with one another, providing control over the device 1 duringrotation of the driver 18 about the axis A when the driver 18 is used toimplant the bone screw 4 into a vertebra 16.

With reference to FIGS. 13, 14 and 19, for example, the illustrated lockstop 136 is annular and extends outwardly radially from the shaft 132generally in a direction perpendicular to the axis A and includes a topoutwardly and downwardly sloping or conical surface 167. The stop 136 isfixed to the shaft 132 at a location such that the stabilizer 20 doesnot slide completely down the shaft 132 prior to being positionedbetween the members 10 and 12 and over the lock pins 49. With referenceto FIGS. 20 and 21, the stop 136 is also positioned at a location alongthe shaft 132 so that when the stabilizer 20 abuts against the slantedsurface 167 of the lock stop 136, the stabilizer 20 also squarely andevenly seats on the members 10 and 12 with the hex socket driving head140 being in engagement with the bone screw hex drive 144 of the bonescrew 4 that is attached to the members 10 and 12. When in suchposition, the stabilizer 20 places the members 10 and 12 into setspacial relationship with one another, preventing outward or inwardmovement of the members 10 and 12 away or toward the axis A, allowingfor ease in rotation of the driver 18 during implantation of the bonescrew 4.

It is noted that the present invention is not intended to be restrictedfor use with a particular type of bone screw 4 or other bone attachmentstructure, bone screw closure mechanism, or longitudinal connectingmember. It is foreseen that the guide tool assembly 1 and the tool set 2of the present invention can be used with virtually any type of bonescrew, including, but not limited to, fixed monoaxial, hinged andpolyaxial bone screws and hooks of many different types that includefeatures for engagement with the members 10 and 12 as described herein.

With respect to the illustrated polyaxial bone screw 4 shown in FIGS. 1,2, 7, 9 and 10, in addition to the arms 30 and 32, the bone screw 4further includes a threaded shank 170 in pivotal relationship with areceiver 172. The previously described arms 30 and 32 define a portionof the receiver 172. As previously described herein, the arm 30 includesthe V-shaped or undercut tool engagement groove 76 that engages the lipsurface 74 of the elongate member 10. The arm 32 includes a similarundercut or groove 76 a that engages the lip surface 74 a of theelongate member 12. The arms 30 and 32 also define a longitudinalconnecting member receiving channel 174 passing therethrough betweenouter substantially planar surfaces 175 and 175 a. The bone screw shank170 includes an upper portion 176 that extends into the receiver 172 andis operationally secured therein, so that the receiver 172 is rotatableon the shank 170 until locked in position through engagement with thelongitudinal connecting member 8 or compression insert (not shown)disposed between the connecting member 8 and the upper portion 176 underpressure. For example, the shank 170 may be connected to the headutilizing a spline capture connection as illustrated in the drawingfigures and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,214 from U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/464,633, which is incorporated by referenceherein. The illustrated bone screw 4 is also cannulated, having athrough bore 178 extending from a top of the shank upper portion 176 toa bottom or tip 179 of the shank.

With reference to FIGS. 25, 35 and 36, the illustrated closurestructure, top or fastener 9 closes between the spaced bone screw arms30 and 32 to secure the longitudinal connecting member 8 in the channel174. The closure top 9 can be any of many different plug type closures.Preferably the closure top 9 has a cylindrical body 180 with a helicallywound mating guide and advancement structure 182. The guide andadvancement structure 182 can be of any type, including V-type threads,buttress threads, reverse angle threads, or square threads. Preferablythe guide and advancement structure 182 is a helically wound flange formthat interlocks with a reciprocal flange form as part of a guide andadvancement structure on an interior of the bone screw arms 30 and 32. Asuitable locking guide and advancement structure of this type isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,689 from U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/236,123 which is incorporated by reference herein. Theillustrated closure 9 is provided with a non-round driving feature thatis illustrated as an opening 184, such as an Allen or Torx type ofopening, to receive the similarly shaped closure starter/reduction tool24 and closure driver 26, as will be described more fully below, toadvance the closure top 9 into the receiver 172. Alternatively, theclosure top 9 may be equipped with a break-off head (not shown) thatbreaks from the threaded cylindrical body 180 upon the application of apreselected torque, such as 95 to 120 inch-pounds. Such a break-off headwould include an inner drive feature or a faceted exterior configured tomate with a similarly shaped driver of a final closure driving ortorquing tool (not shown). The closure top 9 further includes a bottomsurface 185 having a point 186 and outer rim 187 extending therefrom. Insome embodiments an insert may be provided for placement between theclosure top 9 and the longitudinal connecting member 8, such as acompression insert having a curved surface to closely grip a cooperatingcurved surface of the member 8.

With particular reference to FIGS. 23-29, the illustrated longitudinalconnecting member 8 cooperates with two or more bone screws 4 and is anon-fusion dynamic stabilization longitudinal connecting member assemblyhaving an elongate flexible rod-like inner core 188 and at least one andup to a plurality of cannulated outer spacers or sleeves 190 slidablyreceived on the core 188 and placable between implanted bone screws 4 asillustrated, for example, in FIG. 49. The longitudinal connecting member8 is elongate, with the inner core 188 being an elastic substantiallysolid, smooth and uniform cylinder or rod having an outer cylindricalsurface 192 and a substantially circular cross-section. However, it isforeseen that the core may be of a variety of different cross-sections,including but not limited to oval, rectangular or other curved orpolygonal configurations. The illustrated core 188 is made from naturalor synthetic elastomers, including, but not limited to polyisoprene(natural rubber), and synthetic polymers, copolymers, and thermoplasticelastomers, for example, polyurethane elastomers. The illustrated sleeve190 is also made from a plastic, such as a thermoplastic elastomer, forexample, polycarbonate-urethane having a greater stiffness than theelastomer of the core 188. In order to have low or no wear debris, thesleeve 190 inner surfaces and/or cooperating core 188 outer surfaces maybe coated with an ultra thin, ultra hard, ultra slick and ultra smoothcoating, such as may be obtained from ion bonding techniques and/orother gas or chemical treatments.

The illustrated core 188 is sized and shaped to be received in theU-shaped channel 174 of the bone screw receiver 172 with the sleeves 190sized and shaped to extend between bone screws 4, providing limitationand protection of movement of the core 188 at such location. Thus, thesleeve 190 is sized and shaped for substantially even and precisealignment and substantial frictional contact between flat end surfaces194 and 195 of the sleeve 190 and cooperating flat side surfaces 175 and175 a of bone screws 4.

Furthermore, when the longitudinal connecting member 8 is implanted withthe sleeves 190 disposed between bone screws 4, and the closurestructures 9 are tightened in place in the receivers 172, theimplantation tool assembly 1 may be manipulated to direct the pair ofadjacent receivers 172 toward one another so as to axially compress theelastic sleeve 190 between facing side surfaces 175 and 175 a of theadjacent receivers 172. Such compression due to frictional engagementand compression of the sleeve 190 between the bone screws 4 duringinstallation results in some tension and distraction of the core 188when the implantation tools are removed from the bone screws 4, as thesleeve end surfaces 194 and 195 then press against the facing bone screwsurfaces 175 and 175 a, but the core 188 is otherwise fixed with respectto each of the bone screws 4 within respective receiver channels 174.Such dynamic tension/compression relationship between the sleeve 190 andthe elastic core 188 provides further strength and stability to theoverall assembly and also allows for the entire connecting memberassembly 8 to elongate, if needed, in response to spinal movement. Theincreased stability and strength of the assembly advantageously allowsfor use of a smaller, more compact, reduced volume, lower profilelongitudinal connecting member 8 and cooperating bone anchors than, forexample, flexible cord and spacer type longitudinal connecting memberassemblies.

The sleeve 190 further includes a pair of substantially flat paralleland opposite lateral surfaces 196 and 197 and a pair of curved oppositeposterior/anterior surfaces 198 and 199. Each of the surfaces 196, 197,198 and 199 extend between the flat end surfaces 194 and 195. Thegeometry of the sleeve 190 allows for a narrower width between theparallel surfaces 196 and 197 than a distance or diameter between thecurved surfaces 198 and 199. Such geometry provides adequate stiffnessor support for the flexible core 188 in flexing due to the distancebetween the posterior/anterior curved surfaces 198 and 199, while themore narrow width or distance between the flat surfaces 196 and 197allows for placement of the sleeve 190 between adjacent vertebraewithout engagement with such vertebrae. Stated in another way, acylindrical sleeve having a diameter large enough to produce a desiredlimit of bending or flexing movement of the core 188 would most likelyhave a diameter large enough to result in interference of the sleevecylindrical surface with portions of adjacent vertebrae. The flatsurfaces 196 and 197 allow for adequate clearance but do not detractfrom an overall strength of the sleeve 190.

Extending along the substantially central axis of the sleeve 190 is aninternal substantially cylindrical and smooth surface that defines abore 200 with a circular cross section, the bore 200 extending throughthe sleeve 190 and sized and shaped to receive the core 188. Theinternal surface defining the bore 200 is of a slightly greater diameterthan an outer diameter of the cylindrical surface 192 of the core 188,allowing for axially directed sliding movement of the sleeve 190 withrespect to the core 188 during installation of the core 188 into thesleeve 190 and also when both the core 188 and the sleeve 190 areimplanted with the sleeve 190 located between adjacent bone screws 4.

In the illustrated embodiment, the sleeve 190 further includes acompression groove 201. Sleeves 190 according to the invention mayinclude one, none or any desired number of grooves 201. The groove 201extends substantially uniformly about the sleeve 190, being formed inthe external surfaces 196, 197, 198 and 199 of the sleeve 190. Thegroove or grooves 201 may be added as desired to advantageously increasea longitudinal compressibility of the sleeve 190 during installationbetween a pair of bone screws 4.

It is foreseen that the core 188 may be sized and made from suchmaterials as to provide for a relatively more rigid longitudinalconnecting member 8 or a relatively more flexible member 8 with respectto flex or bendability along the member 8. Also, since the distancebetween the bone screw receivers or heads 172 can vary, the core 188 maybe desirably more or less stiff. As stated above, the illustratedlongitudinal connecting member 8 is one of a variety of connectingmembers, including, but not limited to, rigid rods, rod/coilcombinations and chord and spacer combinations, that may cooperate withtools according to the invention.

With reference to FIGS. 26 and 29-34, the independent stabilizer 22according to the invention is similar to the stabilizer 20, including acentral bore 250, four uniformly sized small bores 252 for receivinglock pins 49, an upper portion 254, a lower portion 256, an assembly pin258, a first side 259, a spring retainer 260, a second side 261, a top262 and a bottom 264 for seating on the elongate members 10 and 12, suchfeatures being substantially similar in shape and function to therespective central bore 150, four uniformly sized small bores 152, upperportion 154, lower portion 156, assembly pin 158, first side 159, springretainer 160, second side 162, top 162 and bottom 164 of the driverstabilizer 20. Furthermore, the central bore 250 communicates with alateral channel 270 that opens to a discontinuous face 272 of thestabilizer 22, the channel 270 being defined by substantially parallelspaced walls 274 and 275. As will be described in greater detail below,the walls 274 and 275 are spaced a distance to provide clearance forreceiving selected upper and lower portions of the shaft of the closurestarter/reduction tool 24 therebetween. Also, a substantiallycylindrical surface 278 that defines the central bore 250 includes adiscontinuous guide and advancement structure 280 designed forrotational mating engagement with a cooperating guide and advancementstructure 282 of the closure starter/reduction tool 24. The guide andadvancement structures 280 and 282 may be a v-thread as illustrated inthe drawing figures or other guide and advancement structures known inthe art. As compared to the through bores 152 formed in the stabilizer20 that are circular and function to closely set or lock the members 10and 12 in a particular spaced relation to one another during rotation ofthe bone screw driver 18, in the illustrated stabilizer 22, the fourthrough bores 252 that are sized and shaped to receive lock pins 49therethrough are oval, each being wider in a direction running betweenthe sides 259 and 261, allowing some movement of the members 10 and 12toward and away from one another when the stabilizer 22 is mounted onthe guide tool assembly 1 as illustrated in FIG. 29 with the bottomsurface 264 in contact with upper surfaces 56 and 56 a of the members 10and 12, respectively, and thus providing for some additional width ofthe through channel 101 formed between the members 10 and 12 to allowsome play and additional clearance when manipulating the members 10 and12 and inserting tools and implants utilizing the tool assembly 1.

With reference to FIGS. 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37 and 38, the closurestarter/reduction tool 24 of the tool set 2 of the invention iselongate, having an axis of rotation C and including a handle 290 fixedto an elongate cylindrical stem or shaft 292 and a driving tip 294 fixedto or integral with the shaft 292. The handle 290, shaft 292 and tip 294are coaxial along the axis of rotation C. The handle 290 includesgrooves or shallow apertures to aid a surgeon in gripping and rotatingthe starter 24 about the axis C when, for example, the starter/reductiontool 24 is engaged with the guide and advancement structure 280 of thestabilizer 22. The closure starter/reduction tool 24 is sized and shapedto be used in cooperation with the tool assembly 1, with the tip 294 inengagement with the closure top 9 and the starter 24 extending throughthe tool assembly 1 with the handle 290 initially located laterally ofthe assembly 1 as illustrated in FIG. 25 and thereafter located abovethe lock pins 49 to allow for adequate clearance between the handle 290and the assembly 1 to allow for the rotation of the closure top 9 intothe bone screw receiver 172 by turning the handle 290. For insertion andremoval of the closure starter/reduction tool 24 into and out of theassembly 1, the shaft 292 is reduced in width at two locations; a lowerwidth reduction portion or length 296 and an upper width reductionportion or length 298. The lower width reduction portion 296 is locatedbetween the driving tip 294 and the guide and advancement or threadedportion 282. The upper width reduction portion is located between thethreaded portion 282 and the handle 290. With particular reference toFIGS. 25 and 30, both the lower portion 296 and the upper portion 298have a width running perpendicular to the axis C that is less than adistance between the walls 274 and 275 of the stabilizer 22 that definethe lateral channel 270 while a remainder of the shaft 292 has adiameter that is larger than the width of the channel 270. Theillustrated reduced portions 296 and 298 are formed by cutouts orrecesses that result in a pair of parallel walls formed in the otherwisecylindrical shaft 292. It is foreseen that the reduced portions 296 and298 may also be made by reducing the diameter of the shaft 292 in thedesired locations. The reduced portion 296 allows for insertion of theclosure starter/reduction tool 24 into the stabilizer 22 and between themembers 10 and 12 during a process of inserting the closure top 9between the members 10 and 12 between the cut-out surfaces 58 and 58 aas shown in FIGS. 25, 26 and 30. The reduced portion 298 allows forremoval of the tool 24 from the members 10 and 12 after reduction of thelongitudinal connecting member 8 and mating of the closure top 9 to thereceiver of the bone screw 4 as evident from FIGS. 33 and 34. During aprocess of reduction of the longitudinal connecting member 8 down theassembly 1, the remainder of the shaft 292 is of a diameter large enoughto keep the tool 24 between the members 10 and 12 as desired forreduction of the longitudinal connecting member 8 into the receiver 172and attachment of the closure top 9 to the bone screw 4.

The driving tip 294 includes a slot 300 and faceted geometry 301 forcapturing and holding the closure structure 9 driving feature 184 priorto and during insertion of the structure 9 into the receiver 172. Insome embodiments, the tip 294 may further include a lateral projectionor key (not shown) sized and shaped to mate with a key slot of theclosure structure drive 184 for precise positioning of the closurestructure 9 into the insertion tool 1 and the receiver 172 by theclosure starter/reduction tool 24. Specifically, as the outer thread 282formed on the closure starter/reduction tool 24 is sized and shaped torotatably mate with the guide and advancement structure 280 of thestabilizer 22, a position of a leading surface of the thread 282 and theleading surface of the guide and advancement structure 280 may besynchronized along with the positioning of a key of the driving tip 294so that a controlled, exact mating of the closure top 9 with thereceiver 172 may be consistently accomplished. As will be described ingreater detail below, according to the invention, the thread 282 of thetool 24 is of sufficient length that the longitudinal connecting member8 (or other type of connecting member, such as a coil or rod) is moveddownwardly in a controlled manner into the receiver 172 by rotating thetool 24.

The illustrated closure driver 26 according to the invention is sizedand shaped to cooperate with the assembly 1 and the illustrated countertorque tool 28. As will be described in greater detail below, theclosure driver 26 is inserted into the assembly 1 and engages theclosure top 9 for tightening the same after removal of the closurestarter/reduction tool 24 from the assembly 1. With particular referenceto FIGS. 41, 42 and 47, the driver 26 includes a somewhat curved,T-shaped handle 310 fixed to an elongate cylindrical stem or shaft 312and a driving tip 314 fixed to or integral with the shaft 312. Thehandle 310, shaft 312 and tip 324 are coaxial along an axis of rotationD. The handle 310 is sized and shaped to aid a surgeon in gripping androtating the driver 26 about the axis D during tightening of the closuretop 9 in the bone screw 4. The shaft 312 is of a desired length so thatthe tool 26 may be used in cooperation with the tool assembly 1, withthe tip 314 in engagement with the closure top 9 and the shaft 312extending through the tool assembly 1 with the handle 310 located abovethe lock pins 49 and the counter torque tool 28 with adequate clearancebetween the handle 310 and the assembly 1 to allow for the rotation ofthe closure top 9 in the bone screw receiver 172 by rotation of thehandle 310 about the axis D. The driving tip 314 includes a slot 316 andfaceted geometry 318 for engaging the closure structure 9 drivingfeature 184 during tightening of the structure 9 into the receiver 172.

With particular reference to FIGS. 39, 40 and 43-47, the illustratedcounter torque tool 28 includes a hollow shaft 330 that is sized andshaped to be slidably received over the tool assembly 1. The shaft 330has a lower end portion 332 that has a pair of diametrically spaced,curved bridges 334 and 336. With particular reference to FIGS. 44 and46, each of the bridges 334 and 336 is sized and shaped to closely fitover the curved surface 198 and portions of the opposed flat surfaces196 and 197 of the sleeve 190 and thus align the sleeve 190 of thelongitudinal connecting member 8 with respect to the bone screw 4 in adesired orientation with the sides 196 and 197 parallel to the outersurfaces of the arms 30 and 32 of the bone screw 4. When seated squarelyon at least one sleeve 190, as illustrated in FIGS. 46 and 47, thecounter torque tool 28 allows a surgeon to counter a torque applied bythe driver 26 during rotation and tightening of the closure top 9 in thereceiver 172. The counter torque tool 28 also has an upper handle 340disposed substantially perpendicular to the shaft 330 and having anupper opening 342 communicating with the hollow shaft through which theholding assembly 1 and the driver 26 passes in the manner suggested byFIGS. 43-47. The illustrated counter torque tool 28 further includes alateral opening or side channel 350 formed in a surface 351, the channel350 communicating with the hollow interior of the shaft 330 along anentire length of the shaft 330. The opening or channel 350 is disposedbetween substantially parallel walls 354 and 356 that define respectivealignment bridges 334 and 336. The channel 350 is sized to receive theupper portion 254 of the stabilizer 22 that forms a ledge or overhang ofthe lower portion 256 at the side 261. Furthermore, the handle 340includes a lower surface 360. Formed in the lower surface 360 is arecess 362 sized and shaped to receive the upper portion 254 of thestabilizer 22. The shaft 330 and the handle 340 are sized and shapedsuch that when the bridges 334 and/or 336 properly seat upon and alignwith one or two longitudinal connecting member sleeves 190 asillustrated in FIGS. 45 and 46, the top 262 of the stabilizer 22 makescontact with a substantially flat surface 362 that partially defines therecess 362. Lateral walls 366 that also define the recess 363 surroundthe stabilizer upper portion 254 near the side 261, limiting side toside and front to back movement of the stabilizer 22 and thus of theentire holding tool assembly 1 with respect to the counter torque tool28.

In use, the previously described tools are utilized to attach one ormore longitudinal connecting members 8 to the human spinal column 6. Theprocedure is begun by selection of a bone screw 4 in accordance with thesize of the patient's vertebra 16 and the requirements of the spinalsupport needed. Bone screws 4 having a rotatable or polyaxial heads orreceivers 172 are preferred but not required for the procedure, as suchallow relatively easy adjustment of the longitudinal connecting member 8in the tool assembly 1 and with respect to other tools included in thetool set 2 during placement and for movement of the tool assembly 1 orindividual members 10 and 12, as described below. The bone screw 4 isalso preferably cannulated so as to be receivable over and guided by aguide pin or wire as discussed more fully below.

Alternative polyaxial, hinged and monoaxial bone screws, for example,such as those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/328,481filed Jan. 9, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated by referenceherein, may also be used with tools according to the present invention.Furthermore, other types of longitudinal connecting members may be usedaccording to the invention including, for example, chord/spacercombinations, rods and coils.

With particular reference to FIGS. 1-11, the tool assembly 1 may beplaced into engagement with the polyaxial bone screw 4 as follows: Withparticular reference to FIG. 1, a pair of lock pins 49 are inserted inthe elongate member 10 cylindrical channels 47 and 48 with each lock pintip or bottom 95 being inserted into the channels at the top surface 56and guided downwardly toward the bottom 64 of the tool 10. Once thethreaded portion 97 makes contact with the threaded inner wall 60, theparticular lock pin 49 is rotated and driven downwardly slightly, enoughto place the lock pin 49 into engagement with the member 10. The bonescrew receiver 172 is then aligned with an elongate tool member 10 byaligning the laser etched stripe 92 of the receiver arm 30 with thelaser etched stripe 90 of the tool member 10. The lip surface 74 is thenplaced next to the bone screw arm 30 slightly beneath the groove 76 andthen moved up into the groove as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The lock pinbottoms 95 are moved toward the receiver arm top surface 31 by mountinga lock pin driver socket (not shown) on a lock pin 49 with the drivingportion 96 of the pin 49 received in an elongate socket of the driver.The lock pin driver is rotated about a center axis thereof until thebottom surface 95 of the pin 49 frictionally engages with the receiversurface 31 and the lip surface 74 is fully engaged with the bone screwarm 30 at the groove 76. The raised strip 78 disposed in the slit 80 ofthe receiver advantageously prohibits movement of the pin 49 between thesurfaces 175 and 175 a, but some movement toward and away from thechannel 174 is possible. The lock pins 49 are inserted into the channels47 a and 48 a of the member 12 in a similar fashion to what has beendescribed herein with respect to the lock pins and channels 47 and 48 ofthe member 10. The member 12 is then engaged with the bone screw arm 32at the groove 76 a, with the lock pins 49 driven downward intoengagement with the top surface 33 and the arm 32. It is noted that incertain embodiments according to the invention that do not includeoffset slits 80 and 86 in the bone screw arms 30 and 32, respectively,or cooperating offset alignment strips, such as the strip 78, themembers 10 and 12 may be attached to either of the bone screw arms 30 or32 as previously described herein. With reference to FIG. 11, both themembers 10 and 12 are thus attached to the bone screw 4, forming theguide tool assembly 1 that provides some freedom of movement of themembers 10 and 12 toward and away from the receiver channel 174 allowingfor ease in insertion of longitudinal connecting members, tools and anyother bone attachment structures.

With reference to FIGS. 12-22, after installation of the members 10 and12 on the bone screw receiver 172, the driver 18 is inserted into thetool assembly 1 by downward or lateral insertion of the driving endportion 134 and a portion of the shaft 132 into the channel 101 formedbetween the members 10 and 12 with the stabilizer 20 initially disposedabove the lock pins 49 as shown in FIG. 20. Thereafter, the driver 18 ismoved downwardly toward the receiver 172 until the driving head 140engages the drive feature 144 of the bone screw 4. The stabilizer 20 isthen moved downwardly toward the members 10 and 12 with each of the lockpins 49 being received in a through bore 152 of the stabilizer 20. Thestabilizer is moved toward the members 10 and 12 until the bottomsurface 164 seats on top surfaces 56 and 56 a of respective elongatemembers 10 and 12 and also upon the surface 167 of the lock limit 136.With reference to FIG. 22, the driver 18 is manually rotated about theaxis A thereof to rotate and drive the bone screw shank 170 into thevertebra 16. The driver 18 may be removed by simply sliding the shaft132 upwardly away from the receiver 172 until the stabilizer 20 clearsthe pins 49 and the driving end 140 is out of the incision, and then thedriver 18 may be moved laterally out of the tool assembly 1 in eitherdirection out of the through channel 101.

With further reference to FIG. 22, in a method according to theinvention, a relatively minimally invasive incision or incisions 368 maybe made in a patient's skin 369 and stretched so as to snugly receivethe guide tool assembly 1 and other tools of the invention. A drill (notshown) is utilized to form a first guide bore in the vertebra 16 underguidance of non invasive imaging techniques, which procedure is wellknown and established. A thin pin or guide wire may then be inserted inthe first guide bore, the pin and guide bore functioning to minimizestress on the vertebra 16 and providing an eventual guide for theplacement and angle of the bone screw shank 170 with respect to thevertebra 16. Then the guide bore is enlarged utilizing a cannulateddrilling tool or tap having an integral or otherwise attached cannulatedand threaded bit with an outer surface sized and shaped to correspond tothe size and shape of the chosen threaded bone screw 1.

With the pin fixed to the vertebra 16 and in place in an enlarged guidebore and extending upwardly through the bore and out of the incision368, the pin is threaded into the bore 178 at the tip 179 of the shank170 and out of the opening at the top surface 176 of the bone screwshank 170. The pin is then threaded through the driver 18. With thedriver 18 installed in the tool assembly 1 as illustrated in FIG. 22 andas previously described herein, the bone screw 4 is then rotated anddriven into the tapped bore in the vertebra 16. Depending upon the typeof bone screw 4 utilized in connection with the tool assembly of theinvention, the surgeon may drive the bone screw shank 170 independentlyof the receiver 172 and attached tool 1, or the surgeon may drive thebone screw shank 170 and the receiver 172 and attached tool 1 until theshank body 170 is disposed at a desired depth in the tapped bore of therespective vertebra 16. At least two and up to a plurality of bonescrews 4 with attached insertion tool assemblies 1 are installed in eachvertebra 16 to be attached to the longitudinal connecting member 8.

With reference to FIGS. 23-38, the closure starter/reduction tool 24 isthen used to insert the closure top 9 between the members 10 and 12 andpress or reduce the longitudinal connecting member 8 or other type oflongitudinal connecting member, such as a rod or coil, downwardly intothe receivers 172 of the implanted bone screws 4. With reference to FIG.23, in the embodiment shown, a spacer or sleeve 190 is cut to length forengagement with each of two adjacent bone screws 4 and pre-loaded ontothe inner core 188 then the core 188 of the longitudinal connectingmember 8 is inserted into and through the channel 101 at the recessedportions 58 and 58 a formed by the members 10 and 12 with a tail or endof the cord core 188 extending out of the channel 101. The core 188 isthen manipulated downwardly manually to a location below the recessedportions 58 and 58 a where the channel 101 narrows, thus generallyaligning the core 188 with the bone screw channel with the sleeve 190being in sliding contact with outer planar surfaces of the members 10and 12 as illustrated in FIGS. 25, 26 and 29. A closure top 9 is placedupon and frictionally engaged with the closure starter/reduction tool 24by inserting the driving tip 294 into the closure driving feature 184.Then, the closure top 9 may be laterally inserted between the members 10and 12 through the channel 101 at the recessed portions 58 and 58 a asillustrated in FIG. 25. To stabilize the members 10 and 12, thestabilizer 22 may then be engaged with the members 10 and 12 by downwardinsertion of the stabilizer 22 over the lock pins 49 as shown in FIGS.26, 29 and 30, with each lock pin 49 being received in a bore 252 of thestabilizer 22. The stabilizer 22 is moved toward the members 10 and 12until the bottom surface 264 seats on top surfaces 56 and 56 a ofrespective elongate members 10 and 12. With further reference to FIGS.26 and 30, thereafter, the closure starter/reduction tool 24 may belaterally angularly inserted into the channel 101, angled upwardly intoa position parallel and centrally located between the members 10 and 12,with the reduced portion 296 of the tool 24 being receivable in andthrough the channel 270 of the stabilizer 22 as best illustrated in FIG.30.

The tool 24 is then manually pushed downwardly along the channel 101between the members 10 and 12 with the closure top 9 bottom surface 185engaging and pressing the inner core 188 downwardly toward the bonescrew 4 until the threaded portion 282 of the tool 24 makes contact withthe guide and advancement structure 280 of the stabilizer 22. At thesame time, the sleeve 190 is manually pressed downwardly through theincision 368 or along an extension thereof. Back muscle tissue separatesto allow the insertion of the core and sleeve combination of theconnecting member 8 and can be further separated by finger separation orcutting through of one or more incisions, if required.

With particular reference to FIG. 33, the closure starter/reduction tool24 is then rotated about the axis C by rotating the handle 290, matingthe threads 280 and 282, providing mechanical advantage to move theclosure top 9 and core 188 toward the receiver 172 in a controlledmanner. During such rotation, the closure structure bottom surface makescontact with the core 188, moving and also holding the core 188 in acontrolled manner at intermediate positions along the assembly 1,allowing for manipulation of the sleeve 190 in a downward directionwithout the need for manual pressure on the starter/reduction tool 24 asboth the core 188 and the sleeve 190 are reduced downwardly toward thebone screw 4 and also as other portions of the core 188 and othersleeves 190 are being moved downwardly toward other cooperating bonescrews 4 also utilizing the tool assembly 1 and other cooperating toolsof the invention disclosed herein. Subsequent rotation of the tool 24also rotates the closure top 9 into engagement with the guide andadvancement structure located on inner surfaces of the bone screw arms30 and 32, capturing the core 188 in the receiver 172 as illustrated inFIG. 34.

It is foreseen that in certain embodiments according to the invention,starting locations of the respective mating guide and advancementstructures 280 and 282, as well as a projection or key on the drivingtip 294 and a key slot on the closure top drive 184 may be positioned toprecisely mate the closure structure guide and advancement structure 182with a guide and advancement structure formed on inner surfaces of thearms 30 and 32 of the receiver 172. Also, such an embodiment may includecooperating guide and advancement structures sized and positioned suchthat once the closure top 9 is threaded fully into the receiver 172, butnot otherwise tightened therein, further rotation of the tool 24 may beprohibited by abutment with a thread run out stop.

With reference to FIG. 34, the driving tip 294 of the closurestarter/reduction tool 24 is then retracted by simply pulling the tool24 upwardly away from the receiver 172. Then, the tool 24 may be removedfrom the assembly 1 by lifting the tool 24 upwardly between the members10 and 12 or by lateral and angular movement, with the reduced portion298 passing through the lateral channel 270 and the larger threadedportion 282 passing through the larger recess created by the cooperatingrecessed portions 58 and 58 a of respective members 10 and 12.

With reference to FIGS. 39-47, once all of the closure tops 9 are in aseated position in respective bone screws 4 and the surgeon is satisfiedwith the position of all of the elements, the closure tops 9 may belocked into place with the elongate driving tool 26 and the countertorque tool 28. With particular reference to FIGS. 43-46, the countertorque tool 28 is inserted over the assembly 1 and moved downwardlytoward the bone screw 4 with the end or side 261 of the stabilizer 22extending through the side channel 350. With particular reference toFIGS. 44 and 46, as the tool 28 is pressed downwardly against the sleeve190, contact between the bridge 336 and the spacer surfaces 196, 197 and198 straightens the sleeve 190, aligning the surfaces 196 and 197 intosubstantially parallel relationship with outer surfaces of the receiverarms 30 and 32. Also, with reference to FIGS. 39 and 40, as the sleeve190 becomes straightened, the stabilizer 22 top surface 262 makescontact with the surface 364 of the counter torque tool 28 ensuringalignment between the sleeve 190 and the bone screw receiver 172 withoutexcess pressure being placed on the longitudinal connecting member 8 orthe bone screw 4. With reference to FIGS. 41, 42 and 47, the closuredriver 26 is then inserted into the upper opening 342 of the countertorque tool 28 and moved downwardly until the driving tip 314 engagesthe driving feature 184 of the closure top 9. The tool 28 is thenrotated to tighten the closure top 9 in the receiver 172 by rotating theT-shaped handle 310 while the counter torque tool 28 is held stationaryusing the handle 340. By rotating the handle 310, a surgeon appliesadequate tightening force, typically 70-120 inch pounds, to fullytighten and set the closure top 9 within the receiver 172 so that thebottom surface point 186 and rim 187 dig into the cylindrical surface192 of the core 188.

As indicated previously herein, as the closure tops 9 are rotated andthen tightened against the core 188 in a pair of cooperating bone screws4, such bone screws 4 may be pressed toward one another by movingattached assemblies 1 toward one another, thereby frictionally engagingand then compressing the sleeve 190 between the adjacent bone screws 4.When all tooling is removed, the sleeve 190, pressing against facingsurfaces of the cooperating bone screw receivers 172, stretches theelastic core 188. The resulting bone attachment assembly is thussubstantially dynamically loaded and oriented relative to thecooperating vertebrae to provide relief (e.g., shock absorption) andprotected movement with respect to flexion, extension, distraction andcompressive forces placed on the longitudinal connecting member 8 andthe two connected bone screws 4. The elasticity of the core 188 may alsoallow the core 188 to twist or turn, providing relief for torsionalstresses. The sleeve 190 limits such torsional movement as well asbending movement of the core 188, providing spinal support. Furthermore,because the sleeve 190 is compressed during installation, the sleeveadvantageously allows for some protected extension or distraction ofboth the core 188 and the sleeve 190.

After all of the closure tops 9 have been locked into place, the driver26 and counter torque tools 28 are removed, followed by removal of eachof the tool assemblies 1. The stabilizer 22 is first removed by slidingthe stabilizer 22 upwardly and away from the member 10 and 12 and off ofthe lock pins 49. The lock pin driver (not shown) is then used on eachlock pin 49 to loosen each pin 40 from the members 10 and 12 by rotatingthe driver to rotate each pin upwardly and away from the surface 31 or33. Slight downward force is then placed on each of the members 10 and12 by the surgeon to move the lip surfaces 74 and 74 a out of therespective grooves 76 and 76 a of the receiver 172. Then the members 10and 12 are moved upwardly away from the receiver 172 and out of theincision 368. Such procedure is followed to remove each tool member 10and 12 out of the incision or various incisions utilized to implant thebone screws 4 and longitudinal connecting member 8 after which theincision or incisions 368 are closed. Examples of fully assembled andimplanted bone screw or screws 4 with a cooperating longitudinalconnecting member 8 are illustrated in FIGS. 48 and 49.

If removal of the longitudinal connecting member 8 from any of the bonescrews 4 is necessary, or if it is desired to release the member 8 at aparticular location, disassembly is then accomplished in reverse orderto the procedure described previously herein for assembly.

With reference to FIGS. 50-53, eventually, if the spine requires morerigid support, the longitudinal connecting member 8 may be removed andreplaced with another longitudinal connecting member, such as a solidrigid rod 370, having the same diameter as the inner core 188, utilizingthe same or same sized closure tops 9. Such is accomplished by using thedriving tool 26 inserted in the aperture 184 to rotate and remove theclosure tops 9 from the receivers 172 followed by removal of theconnecting member 8. The replacement rod 370 is then implanted, followedby closure top 9 a insertion and tightening using the same or similartools previously described herein. With reference to FIG. 52, it isnoted that the illustrated embodiment includes a counter torque tool 28a that includes curved bridges 334 a sized and shaped to closely engagethe replacement rod 370.

Alternatively, if less support is eventually required, a less rigid,more flexible assembly, for example, including a longitudinal connectingmember made with a more flexible core, but otherwise having the samediameter as the inner core 188, may replace the connector 8 alsoutilizing the same bone screws 4.

It is to be understood that while certain forms of the present inventionhave been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited tothe specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown.

What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is asfollows:
 1. An implant assembly comprising: (a) a receiver for a boneanchor and including: (1) a pair of laterally spaced upstanding armsforming a rod-receiving channel therebetween; (2) each arm having anoutwardly facing tool attachment structure thereon, each outwardlyfacing tool attachment structure including: (i) a horizontally extendinggroove which forms a downwardly facing surface, the groove located neara top of its respective arm of the receiver; and (ii) each of thegrooves extending along an outer surface of the receiver from a frontsurface to a back surface of its respective arm of the receiver; and (b)a tool for releasably holding the receiver and including: (1) a pair ofdiscrete elongated members being spaced apart from each other from a topend thereof to a bottom end thereof to form a through channeltherebetween, the through channel extending an entire length of thetool, and each elongated member is free from contact with respect to oneanother and independently manipulatable with respect to one another; (2)each elongated member is independently attachable to each receiver armand each elongated member having an inward facing receiver attachmentstructure thereon positioned near a lower portion thereof for verticallyslidable mating engagement with each receiver arm tool attachmentstructure; and wherein (3) each elongated member receiver attachmentstructure completely covers the outwardly facing tool attachmentstructure on each receiver arm.
 2. An implant assembly as set forth inclaim 1 wherein the receiver includes: (a) a threaded bone screw shankextending from a lower end thereof.
 3. An implant assembly as set forthin claim 1 wherein the receiver includes: (a) a threaded bone screwshank polyaxially engaged therewith and extending from a lower endthereof.
 4. A bone anchor receiver in combination with a tool forinserting a rod comprising: a) the receiver having a pair of laterallyspaced upwardly extending arms with respective side surfaces on anexterior thereof, the arms forming a rod-receiving channel therebetween;b) each arm having an outwardly facing tool attachment structure near atop thereof, the outwardly facing tool attachment structureincluding: 1) a horizontally extending groove which forms a downwardlyfacing surface, the groove located near the top of its respective arm ofthe receiver; and 2) each of the grooves extending along an outersurface of the receiver from a front surface to a back surface of itsrespective arm of the receiver; c) the tool having two discrete parts,each part being spaced apart from the other from an upper end thereof toa lower end thereof to form a through channel therebetween, the throughchannel extending an entire length of the tool, and each part isindependently manipulatable with respect to one another and the lowerend thereof having a mating tool attachment structure having an inwardlyprojecting member to detachably mate with the receiver tool attachmentstructure; and d) wherein each tool part is independently and separatelyattached to each receiver arm by vertical sliding engagement so as toform a side opening tool channel, said tool channel being alignable withthe receiver rod-receiving channel, so as to receive a rod therebetween.5. A receiver for a bone anchor in combination with an elongate toolassembly for releasably holding the receiver near a lower end thereof:a) the receiver having a pair of laterally spaced upwardly extendingarms with lateral surfaces, each having a tool attachment structure,wherein the tool assembly can be vertically slidably attachable thereto,the tool attachment structure including: 1) a horizontally extendinggroove which forms a downwardly facing surface, the groove located nearthe top of its respective arm of the receiver; and 2) each of thegrooves extending along an outer surface of the receiver from a frontsurface to a back surface of its respective arm of the receiver; b) thetool assembly having a pair of discrete elongated members spaced apartfrom each other from an upper end thereof to a lower end thereof to forma through channel therebetween, the through channel extending an entirelength of the tool and each elongated member being independentlymanipulatable with respect to one another, each member independently andseparately attachable to the receiver, one after the other, each of themembers including an inwardly projecting structure for releasably matingwith a respective receiver arm tool attachment structure; and c) thereceiver having a central axis such that the through channel and thereceiver central axis are aligned when connected.
 6. A bone anchorreceiver in combination with a tool for inserting a rod comprising: a)the receiver having a pair of laterally spaced upwardly extending armsforming a rod-receiving channel therebetween; b) each arm having avertically slideably engageable tool attachment structure thereon, thevertically slideably engageable tool attachment structure including: 1)a horizontally extending groove which forms a downwardly facing surface,the groove located near a top of its respective arm of the receiver; and2) each of the grooves extending along an outer surface of the receiverfrom a front surface to a back surface of its respective arm of thereceiver; c) the tool having two discrete parts being spaced apart fromeach other from an upper end thereof to a lower end thereof to form athrough channel therebetween, the through channel extending an entirelength of the tool, the lower end of each part having a mating toolattachment structure having inwardly facing projections to detachablymate with, and completely cover, the receiver tool attachment structure;and d) wherein each tool part is independently manipulatable withrespect to one another and separately attached to each receiver arm soas to form a side opening tool channel along a length thereof, said toolchannel being alignable with the receiver rod-receiving channel, so asto receive a rod therebetween and guide the rod into the rod receivingchannel; e) wherein each tool part is individually attachable to onereceiver arm, one after the other.
 7. The combination of claim 6,wherein each tool has a outward facing planar surface.